The Rising Effects of Human-leopard Conflicts in Karnataka: A Review from Media Reports
Journal of Global Ecology and Environment,
Page 16-29
DOI:
10.56557/jogee/2023/v17i38181
Abstract
The Indian leopards are widely distributed on the Indian subcontinent and is the smallest of the Big Cats known for its ability to adapt in a variety of habitats. A nocturnal animal, the leopard hunts by night and feeds on smaller species of herbivores found in its range. The present study aims to collect media reports on human-leopard conflicts especially in human habitats of Karnataka State. Leopards were constantly in the news/media in Mysuru region and were increasingly coming into conflict situations with tragic results for both humans and the animal. Since 2018, the data showed that 16 people have been killed in different parts of Karnataka state by leopards. Leopards use neck bites to kill 90% of their prey and may drag up to 400 mts of small prey. The districts of Ramanagara, Mandya, Mysuru, Ballari, Tumakuru, Koppala, Kolara, Davangere and Chikkamagaluru were among those affected by leopard attacks and sightings. 65 leopards were captured/rescued and relocated to protected areas during 2019-22 in Mysuru district.
Keywords:
- Human
- leopards
- conflicts
- Karnataka
How to Cite
Manjunatha, M. C., Swamy, I. C., & Prabhavathi, M. C. (2023). The Rising Effects of Human-leopard Conflicts in Karnataka: A Review from Media Reports. Journal of Global Ecology and Environment, 17(3), 16-29. https://doi.org/10.56557/jogee/2023/v17i38181
References
Madhusudan MD, Mishra C. Why big, fierce animals are threatened: conserving large mammals in densely populated landscapes. In: Saberwal V, Rangarajan M, editors. Battles over nature: science and the politics of conservation. New Delhi: Permanent Black. 2003;31-55.
Jacobson PA, Gerngross P, Lemeris JR, Schoonover RF, Anco C, Wursten CB et al. Leopards (Panthera pardus) status, distribution, and research efforts across its range. PeerJ. 2016;4:e1974.
Banerjee K, Jhala YV, Chauhan KS, Dave CV. Living with lions: The economics of coexistence in the Gir forests, India. Plos One. 2013;8(1):e49457.
Joshi A, Vaidyanathan S, Mondol S, Edgaonkar A, Ramakrishnan U. Connectivity of tiger (Panthera tigris) populations in the human-influenced forest mosaic of central India. PLOS ONE. 2013; 8(11):e77980.
Karanth KK, Gopalaswamy AM, Prasad PK, Dasgupta S. Patterns of human-wildlife conflicts and compensation: insights from Western Ghats protected areas. Biol Conserv. 2013;166:175-85.
Athreya V, Odden M, Linnell JD, Karanth KU. Translocation as a tool for mitigating conflict with leopards in human-dominated landscapes of India. Conserv Biol. 2011;25(1):133-41.
Kshettry A, Vaidyanathan S, Athreya V. Leopard in a tea-cup: A study of leopard habitat-use and human-leopard interactions in north-eastern India. Plos One. 2017;12(5):e0177013.
Chauhan K, Srivathsa A, Athreya V. Assessing spatio-temporal patterns of human-leopard interactions based on media reports in northwestern India. J Threat Taxa. 2021;13(6):18453-78.
Ayyappan S, Agrawal PK, Vasudeva Rao V, Tripathi RS. Human-Wildlife ’conflict to coexistence’. In: Agro-pastoral landscapes. Human Animal Conflict in Agro-Pastoral context. New Delhi: Issues & Policies, Indian Council of Agricultural Researc.; 2016;1-9.
Stein AB et al. Panthera pardus (amended version of 2019 assessment) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species; 2020. Available:https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15954/163991139
Madden F. Creating coexistence between humans and wildlife: global perspectives on local efforts to address human-wildlife conflict. Hum Dimen Wildl. 2004;9(4):247-57.
Goldman MJ, de Pinho JR, Perry J. Beyond ritual and economics: Maasai lion hunting and conservation politics. Oryx. 2013;47(4):490-500.
Mishra C, Allen P, McCarthy T, Madhusudan MD, Bayarjargal A, Prins HHT. The role of incentive programs in conserving the snow leopard. Conserv Biol. 2003;17(6):1512-20.
Distefano E. Human-wildlife conflict worldwide: collection of case studies, analysis of management strategies and good practices. SARD initiative report. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization; 2005.
Ogra M, Badola R. Compensating human-wildlife conflict in protected area communities: ground level perspectives from Uttarkhand, India. Hum Ecol. 2008;36 (5):717-29.
Ogra MV. Human-wildlife conflict and gender in protected area borderlands: a case study of costs, perceptions and vulnerabilities from Uttarkhand (Uttaranchal) India. Geoforum. 2008;39(3): 1408-22.
Lee T. A Review of compensation programs for livestock in Southwestern Alberta. Prepared for: Chinook Areas Land Users Association & Waterton Biosphere Reserve. Miistakis Institute. University of Calgary. Calgary, AB. Canada. 2011;35.
Athreya V, Srivathsa A, Puri M, Karanth KK, Kumar NS, Karanth KU. Spotted in the news: Using media reports to examine leopard distribution, depredation and management practices outside protected areas in southern India. Plos One. 2015;10(11):e0142647.
Marker L, Sivamani S. Policy for human-leopard conflict management in India.CAT News 50. 2009;1:23-6.
Gubbi S, Kolekar A, Kumara V. Policy to On-ground action: evaluating a conflict policy guideline for leopards in India. Journal of Int Wildl Law Policy. 2020:1-14.
Gov’t of Karnataka; 2020. Forest department, forest type map of Karnataka-2000.
Available:https://aranya.gov.in/aranyacms/images/Maps/Mosaic/Forest%20Type.pdf
Gubbi S, Nagashettihalli H, Bhat R, Poornesha HC, Anoop A, Madhusudan MD. Ecology and Conservation of Leopards in Protected and Multiple use forests in Karnataka. Mysore: Nature Publishing Conservation Foundation; 2017. Available: https://www.ncf-india.org/ western- ghats/1008
Athreya VR, Thakur SS, Chaudhuri S, Belsare AV. Leopards in human-dominated areas: a spill over from sustained translocations into nearby forests? J Bombay Nat Hist Soc. 2007; 104(1):13-8.
Reddy A, Vanamamalai A, Gupta S, Karanth K. Human-Wildlife conflict in Karnataka, The Need for a Human-Wildlife conflict Compensation Law. Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy, Centre for Wildlife Studies. 2019;1-45.
Manjunatha MC, Swamy IC, Basavarajappa HT, Hashimy SQ. Sustainable forest management for Hiriyur taluk of Karnataka State, India through Geospatial mapping, International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology. 2023;10 (1):60-9.
Gunawan H, Wiennato R. Ecological distribution and local extinction threat on Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas Cuvier 1809) in western part of Java Island. National Seminar on Flora and Fauna Day; 2015. Bogor, Indonesia Ecology Society (HEI) and Indonesia Institute of Science (LIPI).
Partasasmita R, Shanida SS, Iskandar J, Megantara EN, Husodo T, Parikesit P et al. Human-leopard conflict in Girimukti village, Sukabumi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas. 2016;17(2):783-90.
Johansson M, Sjöström M, Karlsson J, Brännlund R. Is human fear affecting public willingness to pay for the management and conservation of large carnivores? Soc Nat Resour. 2012;25(6): 610-20.
Kaltenborn BP, Bjerke T, Nyahongo J. Living with problem animals-self-reported fear of potentially dangerous species in the Serengeti region, Tanzania. Hum Dimen Wildl. 2006;11(6):397-409.
Makindi SM, Mutinda MN, Olekaikai NKW, Olelebo WL, Abod AA. Human-wildlife conflicts: causes and mitigation measures in Tsavo conservation area, Kenya. Int J Sci Res. 2014;3(6):1025-31.
Johansson M, Karlsson J. Subjective experience of fear and the cognitive interpretation of large carnivores. Hum Dimen Wildflife. 2011;16(1):15-29.
Sillero-Zubiri C, Laurenson MK. Interactions between carnivores and local communities: conflict or con-existence?, carnivore Conservation Gittleman JL et al., editors. Cambridge University Press. 2001; 282-312.
Swati S, Raghunathan G, Mudappa D, Shankar Raman TR. Conflict to coexistence: human – leopard interactions in a plantation landscape in Anamalai Hills, India. Conserv Soc AOP. 2017: 1-9.
Mishra C. Livestock depredation by large carnivores in Indian trans-Himalayas: Conflict perceptions and conservation prospects. Environ Conserv. 1997;24(4): 338-43.
Mazzolli M, Graipel ME, Dunstone N. Mountain lion depredation in southern Brazil. Biol Conserv. 2002;105(1): 43-51.
Bagchi S, Mishra C. Living with large carnivores: Prediction on livestock by the snow leopard (Uncia uncia). J Zool. 2006; 268(3):217-24.
MoEF. Guidelines for human-leopard conflict management; 2011.
Available:http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/guidelins-human-leopard-conflict-management.pdf
Jacobson PA, Gerngross P, Lemeris JR, Schoonover RF, Anco C, Wursten CB et al. Leopards (Panthera pardus) status, distribution, and research efforts across its range. PeerJ. 2016;4:e1974.
Banerjee K, Jhala YV, Chauhan KS, Dave CV. Living with lions: The economics of coexistence in the Gir forests, India. Plos One. 2013;8(1):e49457.
Joshi A, Vaidyanathan S, Mondol S, Edgaonkar A, Ramakrishnan U. Connectivity of tiger (Panthera tigris) populations in the human-influenced forest mosaic of central India. PLOS ONE. 2013; 8(11):e77980.
Karanth KK, Gopalaswamy AM, Prasad PK, Dasgupta S. Patterns of human-wildlife conflicts and compensation: insights from Western Ghats protected areas. Biol Conserv. 2013;166:175-85.
Athreya V, Odden M, Linnell JD, Karanth KU. Translocation as a tool for mitigating conflict with leopards in human-dominated landscapes of India. Conserv Biol. 2011;25(1):133-41.
Kshettry A, Vaidyanathan S, Athreya V. Leopard in a tea-cup: A study of leopard habitat-use and human-leopard interactions in north-eastern India. Plos One. 2017;12(5):e0177013.
Chauhan K, Srivathsa A, Athreya V. Assessing spatio-temporal patterns of human-leopard interactions based on media reports in northwestern India. J Threat Taxa. 2021;13(6):18453-78.
Ayyappan S, Agrawal PK, Vasudeva Rao V, Tripathi RS. Human-Wildlife ’conflict to coexistence’. In: Agro-pastoral landscapes. Human Animal Conflict in Agro-Pastoral context. New Delhi: Issues & Policies, Indian Council of Agricultural Researc.; 2016;1-9.
Stein AB et al. Panthera pardus (amended version of 2019 assessment) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species; 2020. Available:https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15954/163991139
Madden F. Creating coexistence between humans and wildlife: global perspectives on local efforts to address human-wildlife conflict. Hum Dimen Wildl. 2004;9(4):247-57.
Goldman MJ, de Pinho JR, Perry J. Beyond ritual and economics: Maasai lion hunting and conservation politics. Oryx. 2013;47(4):490-500.
Mishra C, Allen P, McCarthy T, Madhusudan MD, Bayarjargal A, Prins HHT. The role of incentive programs in conserving the snow leopard. Conserv Biol. 2003;17(6):1512-20.
Distefano E. Human-wildlife conflict worldwide: collection of case studies, analysis of management strategies and good practices. SARD initiative report. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization; 2005.
Ogra M, Badola R. Compensating human-wildlife conflict in protected area communities: ground level perspectives from Uttarkhand, India. Hum Ecol. 2008;36 (5):717-29.
Ogra MV. Human-wildlife conflict and gender in protected area borderlands: a case study of costs, perceptions and vulnerabilities from Uttarkhand (Uttaranchal) India. Geoforum. 2008;39(3): 1408-22.
Lee T. A Review of compensation programs for livestock in Southwestern Alberta. Prepared for: Chinook Areas Land Users Association & Waterton Biosphere Reserve. Miistakis Institute. University of Calgary. Calgary, AB. Canada. 2011;35.
Athreya V, Srivathsa A, Puri M, Karanth KK, Kumar NS, Karanth KU. Spotted in the news: Using media reports to examine leopard distribution, depredation and management practices outside protected areas in southern India. Plos One. 2015;10(11):e0142647.
Marker L, Sivamani S. Policy for human-leopard conflict management in India.CAT News 50. 2009;1:23-6.
Gubbi S, Kolekar A, Kumara V. Policy to On-ground action: evaluating a conflict policy guideline for leopards in India. Journal of Int Wildl Law Policy. 2020:1-14.
Gov’t of Karnataka; 2020. Forest department, forest type map of Karnataka-2000.
Available:https://aranya.gov.in/aranyacms/images/Maps/Mosaic/Forest%20Type.pdf
Gubbi S, Nagashettihalli H, Bhat R, Poornesha HC, Anoop A, Madhusudan MD. Ecology and Conservation of Leopards in Protected and Multiple use forests in Karnataka. Mysore: Nature Publishing Conservation Foundation; 2017. Available: https://www.ncf-india.org/ western- ghats/1008
Athreya VR, Thakur SS, Chaudhuri S, Belsare AV. Leopards in human-dominated areas: a spill over from sustained translocations into nearby forests? J Bombay Nat Hist Soc. 2007; 104(1):13-8.
Reddy A, Vanamamalai A, Gupta S, Karanth K. Human-Wildlife conflict in Karnataka, The Need for a Human-Wildlife conflict Compensation Law. Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy, Centre for Wildlife Studies. 2019;1-45.
Manjunatha MC, Swamy IC, Basavarajappa HT, Hashimy SQ. Sustainable forest management for Hiriyur taluk of Karnataka State, India through Geospatial mapping, International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology. 2023;10 (1):60-9.
Gunawan H, Wiennato R. Ecological distribution and local extinction threat on Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas Cuvier 1809) in western part of Java Island. National Seminar on Flora and Fauna Day; 2015. Bogor, Indonesia Ecology Society (HEI) and Indonesia Institute of Science (LIPI).
Partasasmita R, Shanida SS, Iskandar J, Megantara EN, Husodo T, Parikesit P et al. Human-leopard conflict in Girimukti village, Sukabumi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas. 2016;17(2):783-90.
Johansson M, Sjöström M, Karlsson J, Brännlund R. Is human fear affecting public willingness to pay for the management and conservation of large carnivores? Soc Nat Resour. 2012;25(6): 610-20.
Kaltenborn BP, Bjerke T, Nyahongo J. Living with problem animals-self-reported fear of potentially dangerous species in the Serengeti region, Tanzania. Hum Dimen Wildl. 2006;11(6):397-409.
Makindi SM, Mutinda MN, Olekaikai NKW, Olelebo WL, Abod AA. Human-wildlife conflicts: causes and mitigation measures in Tsavo conservation area, Kenya. Int J Sci Res. 2014;3(6):1025-31.
Johansson M, Karlsson J. Subjective experience of fear and the cognitive interpretation of large carnivores. Hum Dimen Wildflife. 2011;16(1):15-29.
Sillero-Zubiri C, Laurenson MK. Interactions between carnivores and local communities: conflict or con-existence?, carnivore Conservation Gittleman JL et al., editors. Cambridge University Press. 2001; 282-312.
Swati S, Raghunathan G, Mudappa D, Shankar Raman TR. Conflict to coexistence: human – leopard interactions in a plantation landscape in Anamalai Hills, India. Conserv Soc AOP. 2017: 1-9.
Mishra C. Livestock depredation by large carnivores in Indian trans-Himalayas: Conflict perceptions and conservation prospects. Environ Conserv. 1997;24(4): 338-43.
Mazzolli M, Graipel ME, Dunstone N. Mountain lion depredation in southern Brazil. Biol Conserv. 2002;105(1): 43-51.
Bagchi S, Mishra C. Living with large carnivores: Prediction on livestock by the snow leopard (Uncia uncia). J Zool. 2006; 268(3):217-24.
MoEF. Guidelines for human-leopard conflict management; 2011.
Available:http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/guidelins-human-leopard-conflict-management.pdf
-
Abstract View: 72 times
PDF Download: 4 times
Download Statistics
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Subscription
Login to access subscriber-only resources.
Information
Current Issue
