Examining the Master Level Students’ Difficulties in Academic Writing in English
Asian Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Studies,
Page 1-16
Abstract
Academic writing is an advanced formal composition written with a specific purpose. It is a structured writing retaining certain elements that frame it outstanding from other ordinary writings. The crucial objective of this article is to examine the difficulties encountered by the master level fourth semester students in academic writing in the Faculty of Management at Makawanpur Multiple Campus, Hetauda in the academic session 2021- 2022. A cross-sectional survey research design was executed to carry out the research study. The five point 35 Likert type questions were administered to assemble the primary data. A simple random sampling technique, lottery method, was used to form the sample size of 81 students from the population comprised of 102 students by maintaining the 95% confidence level and 5% margin of error. The study concluded that the first largest number of students had difficulties in starting the writing, contents in writing under the conclusion section, the general length of each section, giving examples in writings, conditional sentences, adverbs , adjectives and drawing recommendations; the second largest number of the students had difficulties in choosing an appropriate academic topic, generating information, writing the introduction section, writing the body section, writing topic sentences, writing causes and their effects, using cohesive devices, in writing different sentences of comparisons and contrasts, using quotations, summarizing, paraphrasing, indirect form, using prepositions, tenses, conjunctions, feedback, polishing sentences, editing spellings, editing punctuations , and using appropriate words. The students were not sure about their difficulties in supporting the topic sentences by giving reasons and evidence, and use of passive voice. They did not have difficulties in citing and referencing the sources. This research article will be beneficial to teachers as it exposes them the particular problems that they will support their students in solving the problems through teaching.
Keywords:
- Academic writing
- difficulties
- English
- master level students
How to Cite
Sharma, L. R. (2023). Examining the Master Level Students’ Difficulties in Academic Writing in English. Asian Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Studies, 6(1), 1-16. Retrieved from https://ikpresse.com/index.php/AJAHSS/article/view/8082
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Wasley P. Portfolios are replacing qualifying exams as a step on the road to dissertations. Chronicle of Higher Education. 2008; 54(44):A8.
Bista K. Teaching English as a foreign/second language in Nepal: Past and present. English for Specific Purposes World. 2011; 11(32): 1-9.
Saud MS. Teaching English as an internationallLanguage (EIL) in Nepal. Indonesian Tesol Journal. 2020; 2(1):29-41.
Giri RA. English language teachers’ resource centre: A model for developing contexts. Journal of NELTA. Journal of NELTA. 2010; 15 (1 & 2): 64-76.
Linse CT. Practical English language teaching young learners. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2005.
Oshima A, Hogue A. Introduction to academic writing. London: Longman; 1997.
Nunan D. Designing task for the communicative classroom. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1989.
Heaton JB. Writing English language tests. London: Longman; 1975.
Jabali O. Students’ attitudes towards EFL university writing: A case study at An-Najah National University, Palestine. Heliyon. 2018;4:1–25. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018. e00896.
Toba R, Noor WN, Sanu LO. The current issues of Indonesian EFL students’ writing skills: Ability, problem, and reason in writing comparison and contrast essay. Dinamika Ilmu. 2019;19(1):57–73. Available:https://doi.org/10.21093/di.v19i1.1506.
Barkaou K. Teaching writing to second language learners: insights from theory and research. TESL Reporter. 2007;40(1): 35-48.
Musa F. Teaching writing to post-secondary students: Procedure and technicalities in an EFL classroom. First National Conference on English Language Teaching. Al-Quds Open University; 2010. Available: http://www.qou.edu/english/ conferences/firstNationalConference/pdfFiles
Dumais W. Writing in English. Jakarta : Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan; 1988.
Zulfani R. A study on Learning writing strategies of good language learners. Kota Bengkulu: Universitas Bengkulu; 2001.
Asmuti W. A correlation between the vocabulary mastery and the writing ability of the second year of the SMUN 06 students of Bengkulu (Thesis). Kota Bengkulu: Universitas Bengkulu; 2002.
Tahaineh, Y. S. Arab EFL university students’ errors in the use of prepositions. MJAL. 2010; 2(1):76-112.
Mubarak AA. An investigation of academic writing problems level faced by undergraduate students at AL Imam AL Mahdi University, Sudan. English Review: Journal of English Education. 2017;5(2):175-188.
Hyland K. Writing theories and writing pedagogies. Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching. 2008;4(2):91-110.
Hyland K, Tse P. Metadiscourse in academic writing: A reappraisal. Applied Linguistic. 2004;25:156-177. Available:https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/25.2.156.
Hyland K, Tse P. Hooking thereader: A corpus study of evaluative that in abstracts. English for Specific Purposes. 2005;24(2):123-139.
Tardy CM. It's like a story: Rhetorical knowledge development in advanced literacy. Journal of English for Academic Purposes. 2005;4 (4): 325-338.
Turner J. Language in the academy. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters; 2011. Available: http://www.multilingual-matters.com.
Bacha NN. Teaching the academicargument in a university EFL environment. Journal of English for Academic Purposes. 2010;9(3):229-241. DOI:10.1016/j.jeap.2010.05.001.
Pratiwi, K. D. Students’ difficulties in writing English. Journal Of Linguistics and Language Teaching 2016; 3(1): 1-13. Available: http://iainbengkulu.ac.id/.
Nunan D. Practical English language teaching. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2003.
Faigley L, Graves R, Graves H. The brief penguin handbook ( Canadian ed.). Toronto: Pearson Longman; 2008.
Abdulkareem M. An investigation study of academic writing problems faced by Arab postgraduate students at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). Theory and Practice in Language Studies. 2013;3(9): 1552-1557.
Al-Shabanah AI. Summarization strategies adopted by the senior level female students of the Department of English at King Saud University. Master’s thesis. King Saud University; 2005.
Al-Marwani M. Academic writing: Challenges and potential solutions. Arab World English Journal 2020;6 (8): 114- 121. Available:https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/call6.8.
Sharma LR. Error analysis of written English essays: The case of bachelor first year education students of three campuses in Makawanpur, District, Nepal. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research. 2018;5(8):433-440.
Bailey S. Academic writing. New York: Nelson Thornes; 2003.
Thais C, Zawacki DT. Engaged writers, dynamic disciplines: Research on the academic writing life. Portsmouth, NH: Heinnemann; 2006.
Taylor G. A student’s writing guide. Cambridge: Cambridge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2009.
Paquot M. Academic vocabulary in learner writing: From extraction to analysis. London: Continuum International Publishing Group; 2010.
Strongman L. Academic writing. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing; 2013.
Fatimah N. Students’ needs for academic writing at the English education department. English Language Teaching Educational Journal. 2018;1(3):161-175. file:///D:/from%20desktop/Downloads/Students_Needs_for_Academic_Writing_at_the_Englis.pdf
Leki I. Academic Writing : Exploring Processes and strategy. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press; 2010.
Bailey S. Academic writing: A handbook for international students. New York: Routledge; 2010.
Halliday M, Hasan R. Cohesion in English. London: Longman; 1976. Available: ile:///D:/from%20desktop/Downloads/Cohesion_in_English_Halliday_and_Hasan.pdf.
Brown G, Yule G. Discourse analysis. Cambridge: CUP; 1983.
Paltridge B. Discourse analysis: An introduction (2nd ed.). London: Bloomsbury; 2012.
McCarthy M. Discourse analysis for language teachers. Cambridge: CUP; 1991.
Wales K. A dictionary of stylistics. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited; 2001.
Aarts, B. English syntax and argumentation (2nd ed.). New York: Palgrave, 2001.
Murthy JD. Contemporary grammar of English. Book MASTER; 2007.
Kirkpatrick B. Better English. Polskabook; 2007.
Hamp-Lyons L, Heasley B. Study writing . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2007.
Troyka LQ, Hesse D. Guidelines for academic Writing. (4th ed.). Toronto: Pearson Prentice Hall; 2006.
Aldabbus S. Academic writing difficulties encountered by university EFL learners. British Journal of English Linguistics. 2022;10(3):1-11.
Pinete E. The academic writing challenges of undergraduate students: A South African case study. International Journal of Higher Education. 2014;3(1):12-22.
Fowler FJ. Survey research methods (5th ed.). New Delhi: SAGE; 2014.
Raza S. Cross-checked problems in undergraduate academic writing. In K. D. et.al (Ed.), Teacher-Researchers in Action. 2015;147-161.
Alsamadani HA. The relationship between Saudi EFL students' writing competence, L1 writing proficiency, and self-regulation. European Journal of Social Sciences. 2010;16 (1):53-63.
Fadda HA. Difficulties in academic writing: From the perspective of King Saud University Postgraduate Students. English Language Teaching. 2012;5 (3):123-129.
Al-Khairy MH. Saudi English-major undergraduates' academic writingp problems: A Taif University perspective. English Language Teaching. 2013;6(6):1-12. DOI:10.5539/elt.v6n6p1 .
Dudu G, Subanda M. Academic writing challenges at universities in Zimbabwe: A case study of great Zimbabwe University. Journal of English and Literature. 2012;3(3):71-83. Available:http://www.academicjournals.org/IJEL.
Al-Khasawneh FM, Maher S. Writing for academic purposes: Problems faced by Arab postgraduate students of the College of Business, UUM.ESP. ESP World. 2010;9 (28):1-23.
Khan IA. Learning difficulties in English: Diagnosis and pedagogy in Saudi Arabia. Educational Research. 2011;2 (7):1248-1257.
Al-Murshid G. UAE university male students‟ interests impact on reading and writing performance and improvement. English Language Teaching. 2014;7 (9):57-63. DOI: 10.5539/elt.v7n9p57.
Evans S, Green C. Why EAP is necessary: A survey of Hong Kong tertiary students. Journal of English for Academic Purposes. 2007;6(1):3–17. Available: https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jeap.2006.11.005.
Bitchener J, Basturkmen H. Perceptions of the difficulties of postgraduate L2 thesis students writ ing the discussion section. Journal of English for Ac ademic Purposes. 2006;5(1): 4–18. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jeap.2005.10.002.
Ankawi A. The academic writing challenges faced by Saudi students studying in New Zealand school ofculture and society. New Zealand: MA Thesis; 2015.
Marshall S. A genre-based approach to the teaching of report-writing. English for Specific Purposes 1991;10(1):3–13. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-4906(91)90012-L.
Cai LJ. Students’ perceptions of academic writ ing: A needs analysis of EAP in China. Language Edu cation in Asia. 2013;4(1):5–22. Available:https://doi.org/http://dx.
Ismail N, Hussin S, Darus S. ESL tertiary students’ writing problems and needs: Suggested elements for an additional online writingp program (IQ-Write) for the BEL 311 course . The International Journal of Learning. 2012;18(19):69–78.
Lee NS, Tajino A. Understanding students’ perceptions of difficulty with academicwriting for teacher development: A case study of the University of Tokyo writing; 2008.
Retrieved September 30, 2022, from http://www.highedu.kyotou.ac.jp/kiyou14/01_nancy.pdf
Hinkel E. Adverbial markers and tone in L1 and L2 students’ writing. Journal of Pragmatics. 2003;35 (7): 1049– 1068. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00133-9.
Sulasti Y. The structure of the paragraphs written. Koto Bengkulu: Universitas Bengkulu; 2003.
Jimenez A, Esmeralda C, Mira A, Cecilia D, Rodriguez BM, Stephany G. An analysis of the writing skill difficulties of the English composition students at the foreign language department of the university of el Salvador. Salvador: Unpublished Thesis; 2013.
Mojica LA. An investigation on self-reported writing Problems and actual writing deficiencies of EFL learners in the beginnerss' level. TESOL Journal. 2010;2:24-38.
Asadifard A, Koosha M. EFL instructors and student writers’ perceptions on academic writing reluctance. Theory and Practice in Language Studies. 2013;3 (9):1572-1578. DOI:10.4304/tpls.3.9.1572-1578 .
Fatimah N. Students’ needs for academic writing at the English education department. English Language Teaching Educational Journal. 2018;1(3):161-175. file:///D:/from%20desktop/Downloads/Students_Needs_for_Academic_Writing_at_the_Englis.pdf
Sarwat S, Ullah N, Anjum HM, Bhuttah TM. Problems and Factors affecting students English writing skills at elementary level. Elementary Education Online. 2021;20(5): 3079-3086. DOI: 10.17051/ilkonline.2021.05.332.
Alsop S, Nesi H. Issues in the development of the British academic written English (BAWE) corpus. Corpora. 2009; 4 (1):71-83. Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/E1749503209000227.
Saddler B, Moran S, Graham S, Harris KR. Preventing writing difficulties: The effects of planning strategy instruction on the writing performance of struggling writers. Exceptionality. 2004;12(1):3-17.
Montgomery J, Bake W. Teacher-written feedback: Student perceptions, teacher self-assessment, and actual teacher performance. Journal of Second Language Writing. Journal of Second Language Writing 2007;16 (2):82-99.
Scane J, Guy AM, Wenstrom L. Think, write, share: Process writing for adult ESL and basic education students. Toronto: The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education; 1991.
Buzan T. (The mind map book. London: BBC Books; 1993.
Harmer J. The practice of English language teaching (3rded.). Harlow: Longman; 2001.
Hyland K. Activity and evaluation: Reporting practices in academic writing. In J. Flowerdew (Ed.), Academic discourse. London: Longman. 2002; 115-130.
Schwenger, B.. Enhancing students' tertiary blended learning experience through embedding digital information literacy. Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice. 2016;4(1):71-77.
Singh MK. International EFL/ESL master students’ adaptation strategies for academic writing. Journal of International Students. 2017;7(3):620-643.
Thomas PL. Teaching writing primer. New York: Peter Lang; 2005.
Wasley P. Portfolios are replacing qualifying exams as a step on the road to dissertations. Chronicle of Higher Education. 2008; 54(44):A8.
Bista K. Teaching English as a foreign/second language in Nepal: Past and present. English for Specific Purposes World. 2011; 11(32): 1-9.
Saud MS. Teaching English as an internationallLanguage (EIL) in Nepal. Indonesian Tesol Journal. 2020; 2(1):29-41.
Giri RA. English language teachers’ resource centre: A model for developing contexts. Journal of NELTA. Journal of NELTA. 2010; 15 (1 & 2): 64-76.
Linse CT. Practical English language teaching young learners. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2005.
Oshima A, Hogue A. Introduction to academic writing. London: Longman; 1997.
Nunan D. Designing task for the communicative classroom. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1989.
Heaton JB. Writing English language tests. London: Longman; 1975.
Jabali O. Students’ attitudes towards EFL university writing: A case study at An-Najah National University, Palestine. Heliyon. 2018;4:1–25. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018. e00896.
Toba R, Noor WN, Sanu LO. The current issues of Indonesian EFL students’ writing skills: Ability, problem, and reason in writing comparison and contrast essay. Dinamika Ilmu. 2019;19(1):57–73. Available:https://doi.org/10.21093/di.v19i1.1506.
Barkaou K. Teaching writing to second language learners: insights from theory and research. TESL Reporter. 2007;40(1): 35-48.
Musa F. Teaching writing to post-secondary students: Procedure and technicalities in an EFL classroom. First National Conference on English Language Teaching. Al-Quds Open University; 2010. Available: http://www.qou.edu/english/ conferences/firstNationalConference/pdfFiles
Dumais W. Writing in English. Jakarta : Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan; 1988.
Zulfani R. A study on Learning writing strategies of good language learners. Kota Bengkulu: Universitas Bengkulu; 2001.
Asmuti W. A correlation between the vocabulary mastery and the writing ability of the second year of the SMUN 06 students of Bengkulu (Thesis). Kota Bengkulu: Universitas Bengkulu; 2002.
Tahaineh, Y. S. Arab EFL university students’ errors in the use of prepositions. MJAL. 2010; 2(1):76-112.
Mubarak AA. An investigation of academic writing problems level faced by undergraduate students at AL Imam AL Mahdi University, Sudan. English Review: Journal of English Education. 2017;5(2):175-188.
Hyland K. Writing theories and writing pedagogies. Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching. 2008;4(2):91-110.
Hyland K, Tse P. Metadiscourse in academic writing: A reappraisal. Applied Linguistic. 2004;25:156-177. Available:https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/25.2.156.
Hyland K, Tse P. Hooking thereader: A corpus study of evaluative that in abstracts. English for Specific Purposes. 2005;24(2):123-139.
Tardy CM. It's like a story: Rhetorical knowledge development in advanced literacy. Journal of English for Academic Purposes. 2005;4 (4): 325-338.
Turner J. Language in the academy. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters; 2011. Available: http://www.multilingual-matters.com.
Bacha NN. Teaching the academicargument in a university EFL environment. Journal of English for Academic Purposes. 2010;9(3):229-241. DOI:10.1016/j.jeap.2010.05.001.
Pratiwi, K. D. Students’ difficulties in writing English. Journal Of Linguistics and Language Teaching 2016; 3(1): 1-13. Available: http://iainbengkulu.ac.id/.
Nunan D. Practical English language teaching. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2003.
Faigley L, Graves R, Graves H. The brief penguin handbook ( Canadian ed.). Toronto: Pearson Longman; 2008.
Abdulkareem M. An investigation study of academic writing problems faced by Arab postgraduate students at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). Theory and Practice in Language Studies. 2013;3(9): 1552-1557.
Al-Shabanah AI. Summarization strategies adopted by the senior level female students of the Department of English at King Saud University. Master’s thesis. King Saud University; 2005.
Al-Marwani M. Academic writing: Challenges and potential solutions. Arab World English Journal 2020;6 (8): 114- 121. Available:https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/call6.8.
Sharma LR. Error analysis of written English essays: The case of bachelor first year education students of three campuses in Makawanpur, District, Nepal. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research. 2018;5(8):433-440.
Bailey S. Academic writing. New York: Nelson Thornes; 2003.
Thais C, Zawacki DT. Engaged writers, dynamic disciplines: Research on the academic writing life. Portsmouth, NH: Heinnemann; 2006.
Taylor G. A student’s writing guide. Cambridge: Cambridge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2009.
Paquot M. Academic vocabulary in learner writing: From extraction to analysis. London: Continuum International Publishing Group; 2010.
Strongman L. Academic writing. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing; 2013.
Fatimah N. Students’ needs for academic writing at the English education department. English Language Teaching Educational Journal. 2018;1(3):161-175. file:///D:/from%20desktop/Downloads/Students_Needs_for_Academic_Writing_at_the_Englis.pdf
Leki I. Academic Writing : Exploring Processes and strategy. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press; 2010.
Bailey S. Academic writing: A handbook for international students. New York: Routledge; 2010.
Halliday M, Hasan R. Cohesion in English. London: Longman; 1976. Available: ile:///D:/from%20desktop/Downloads/Cohesion_in_English_Halliday_and_Hasan.pdf.
Brown G, Yule G. Discourse analysis. Cambridge: CUP; 1983.
Paltridge B. Discourse analysis: An introduction (2nd ed.). London: Bloomsbury; 2012.
McCarthy M. Discourse analysis for language teachers. Cambridge: CUP; 1991.
Wales K. A dictionary of stylistics. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited; 2001.
Aarts, B. English syntax and argumentation (2nd ed.). New York: Palgrave, 2001.
Murthy JD. Contemporary grammar of English. Book MASTER; 2007.
Kirkpatrick B. Better English. Polskabook; 2007.
Hamp-Lyons L, Heasley B. Study writing . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2007.
Troyka LQ, Hesse D. Guidelines for academic Writing. (4th ed.). Toronto: Pearson Prentice Hall; 2006.
Aldabbus S. Academic writing difficulties encountered by university EFL learners. British Journal of English Linguistics. 2022;10(3):1-11.
Pinete E. The academic writing challenges of undergraduate students: A South African case study. International Journal of Higher Education. 2014;3(1):12-22.
Fowler FJ. Survey research methods (5th ed.). New Delhi: SAGE; 2014.
Raza S. Cross-checked problems in undergraduate academic writing. In K. D. et.al (Ed.), Teacher-Researchers in Action. 2015;147-161.
Alsamadani HA. The relationship between Saudi EFL students' writing competence, L1 writing proficiency, and self-regulation. European Journal of Social Sciences. 2010;16 (1):53-63.
Fadda HA. Difficulties in academic writing: From the perspective of King Saud University Postgraduate Students. English Language Teaching. 2012;5 (3):123-129.
Al-Khairy MH. Saudi English-major undergraduates' academic writingp problems: A Taif University perspective. English Language Teaching. 2013;6(6):1-12. DOI:10.5539/elt.v6n6p1 .
Dudu G, Subanda M. Academic writing challenges at universities in Zimbabwe: A case study of great Zimbabwe University. Journal of English and Literature. 2012;3(3):71-83. Available:http://www.academicjournals.org/IJEL.
Al-Khasawneh FM, Maher S. Writing for academic purposes: Problems faced by Arab postgraduate students of the College of Business, UUM.ESP. ESP World. 2010;9 (28):1-23.
Khan IA. Learning difficulties in English: Diagnosis and pedagogy in Saudi Arabia. Educational Research. 2011;2 (7):1248-1257.
Al-Murshid G. UAE university male students‟ interests impact on reading and writing performance and improvement. English Language Teaching. 2014;7 (9):57-63. DOI: 10.5539/elt.v7n9p57.
Evans S, Green C. Why EAP is necessary: A survey of Hong Kong tertiary students. Journal of English for Academic Purposes. 2007;6(1):3–17. Available: https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jeap.2006.11.005.
Bitchener J, Basturkmen H. Perceptions of the difficulties of postgraduate L2 thesis students writ ing the discussion section. Journal of English for Ac ademic Purposes. 2006;5(1): 4–18. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jeap.2005.10.002.
Ankawi A. The academic writing challenges faced by Saudi students studying in New Zealand school ofculture and society. New Zealand: MA Thesis; 2015.
Marshall S. A genre-based approach to the teaching of report-writing. English for Specific Purposes 1991;10(1):3–13. Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-4906(91)90012-L.
Cai LJ. Students’ perceptions of academic writ ing: A needs analysis of EAP in China. Language Edu cation in Asia. 2013;4(1):5–22. Available:https://doi.org/http://dx.
Ismail N, Hussin S, Darus S. ESL tertiary students’ writing problems and needs: Suggested elements for an additional online writingp program (IQ-Write) for the BEL 311 course . The International Journal of Learning. 2012;18(19):69–78.
Lee NS, Tajino A. Understanding students’ perceptions of difficulty with academicwriting for teacher development: A case study of the University of Tokyo writing; 2008.
Retrieved September 30, 2022, from http://www.highedu.kyotou.ac.jp/kiyou14/01_nancy.pdf
Hinkel E. Adverbial markers and tone in L1 and L2 students’ writing. Journal of Pragmatics. 2003;35 (7): 1049– 1068. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00133-9.
Sulasti Y. The structure of the paragraphs written. Koto Bengkulu: Universitas Bengkulu; 2003.
Jimenez A, Esmeralda C, Mira A, Cecilia D, Rodriguez BM, Stephany G. An analysis of the writing skill difficulties of the English composition students at the foreign language department of the university of el Salvador. Salvador: Unpublished Thesis; 2013.
Mojica LA. An investigation on self-reported writing Problems and actual writing deficiencies of EFL learners in the beginnerss' level. TESOL Journal. 2010;2:24-38.
Asadifard A, Koosha M. EFL instructors and student writers’ perceptions on academic writing reluctance. Theory and Practice in Language Studies. 2013;3 (9):1572-1578. DOI:10.4304/tpls.3.9.1572-1578 .
Fatimah N. Students’ needs for academic writing at the English education department. English Language Teaching Educational Journal. 2018;1(3):161-175. file:///D:/from%20desktop/Downloads/Students_Needs_for_Academic_Writing_at_the_Englis.pdf
Sarwat S, Ullah N, Anjum HM, Bhuttah TM. Problems and Factors affecting students English writing skills at elementary level. Elementary Education Online. 2021;20(5): 3079-3086. DOI: 10.17051/ilkonline.2021.05.332.
Alsop S, Nesi H. Issues in the development of the British academic written English (BAWE) corpus. Corpora. 2009; 4 (1):71-83. Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/E1749503209000227.
Saddler B, Moran S, Graham S, Harris KR. Preventing writing difficulties: The effects of planning strategy instruction on the writing performance of struggling writers. Exceptionality. 2004;12(1):3-17.
Montgomery J, Bake W. Teacher-written feedback: Student perceptions, teacher self-assessment, and actual teacher performance. Journal of Second Language Writing. Journal of Second Language Writing 2007;16 (2):82-99.
Scane J, Guy AM, Wenstrom L. Think, write, share: Process writing for adult ESL and basic education students. Toronto: The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education; 1991.
Buzan T. (The mind map book. London: BBC Books; 1993.
Harmer J. The practice of English language teaching (3rded.). Harlow: Longman; 2001.
Hyland K. Activity and evaluation: Reporting practices in academic writing. In J. Flowerdew (Ed.), Academic discourse. London: Longman. 2002; 115-130.
Schwenger, B.. Enhancing students' tertiary blended learning experience through embedding digital information literacy. Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice. 2016;4(1):71-77.
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